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<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">March 06, 2019
<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";font-weight:normal"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-align:center;text-autospace:none">
<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">A Tail of Two Critters: Royal BC Museum research
<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-align:center;text-autospace:none">
<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">reveals surprising connections in tail weapon evolution<o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-align:center;text-autospace:none">
<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-align:center;text-autospace:none">
<strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""></span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";font-weight:normal"><o:p></o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">VICTORIA, BC</span></strong><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";font-weight:normal">–<a name="OLE_LINK5">Why
would two species, separated by millennia, evolve similar-looking weapons—not teeth, talons, horns or venom, but tails?<o:p></o:p></a></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><strong><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";font-weight:normal"><o:p> </o:p></span></strong></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">This was the question Royal BC Museum paleontologist Victoria Arbour and Lindsay Zanno at the North Carolina Museum of Natural Sciences/North Carolina
State University set out to answer in the journal <i>The Anatomical Record</i>, available at
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><a href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.24093"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ar.24093</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">,
in a special issue dedicated to research on the paleobiology of dinosaurs.</span><span lang="EN-US"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Their research reveals striking similarities in the development of the tail as a weapon in ankylosaurs (a group of dinosaurs) and glyptodonts (a group
of extinct mammals), two groups of animals separated by more than 300 million years of evolution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Although separated by millennia, the two groups of animals share some similarities. While ankylosaurs were huge dinosaurs and glyptodonts were huge
armadillos, both were herbivorous animals covered in bony plates. And both evolved sledgehammer-like tail weapons.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">“The term ‘convergent evolution’ refers to the process when unrelated groups of animals evolve similar-looking body shapes,” said Arbour, Curator of
Paleontology at the Royal BC Museum. “It usually means similar selective pressures have shaped their bodies over time.”<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Arbour and Zanno wanted to know whether ankylosaurs and glyptodonts had undergone convergent evolution, or if they evolved similar body shapes by coincidence.
They were also curious if the two species evolved their unique features in the same order and pattern.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">The researchers collected data about the animals’ anatomy, including the amount of their bodies covered by armour, how much of their tails was stiff,
and how large they were, and used statistical models to test the hypothesis of convergent evolution.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Arbour and Zanno found evidence for strong convergent evolution in ankylosaurs and glyptodonts; they also found, in both groups, that certain features
appeared before others in their evolutionary history. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Specifically, the two animals became large and herbivorous
<i>before</i> evolving tail weapons, and developed stiff tails <i>before</i> the tip of the tail was enlarged into a wrecking-ball-like structure.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">When adaptations are rare, like tail weapons, it means that there must be constraints that prevent those sorts of structures from evolving repeatedly.
In this case, Arbour and Zanno speculate that stiffening the backbone and tail might be necessary for the structural requirements of swinging a heavy tail, and this feature might constrain the repeated evolution of tail weapons in other groups of animals.<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-autospace:none"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">About the Royal BC Museum<o:p></o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="xbodytext" style="margin-top:.1pt;background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">The Royal BC Museum explores the province’s human history and natural history, advances new knowledge and understanding of
BC, and provides a dynamic forum for discussion and a place for reflection. The museum and archives celebrate culture and history, telling the stories of BC in ways that enlighten, stimulate and inspire. Located in Victoria on the traditional territory of
the Lekwungen (Songhees and Xwsepsum Nations), we are a hub of community connections in BC–onsite, offsite and online–taking pride in our collective histories.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="xbodytext" style="margin-top:.1pt;background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="text-align:center;background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">- 30 -<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><a name="OLE_LINK1"></a><a name="OLE_LINK2"><b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Media contact:</span></b></a><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Royal BC Museum Media Inquiries
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">250-387-5051<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><a href="mailto:news@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">news@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca</span></a><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">
</span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></span></p>
<p class="BodyA" style="background:white"><span style="border:none windowtext 1.0pt;padding:0in"><img border="0" width="19" height="16" id="Picture_x0020_6" src="cid:image013.png@01D4D419.B2B9A9D0" alt="Twitter_logo_blue"></span><a href="https://twitter.com/RoyalBCMuseum"><span class="Hyperlink1"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";color:black;text-decoration:none">@RoyalBCMuseum</span></span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">
</span><img border="0" width="18" height="18" id="Picture_x0020_5" src="cid:image014.jpg@01D4D419.B2B9A9D0"><span style="font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""> </span><a href="https://www.instagram.com/royalbcmuseum/"><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">royalbcmuseum</span></a><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">
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</span><o:p></o:p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background:white"><u><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";color:blue"><o:p><span style="text-decoration:none"> </span></o:p></span></u></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" align="center" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-align:center;text-autospace:none">
<b><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><img border="0" width="551" height="182" id="Picture_x0020_3" src="cid:image016.jpg@01D4D419.B2B9A9D0"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Ankylosaurs and glyptodonts both evolved similar armoured bodies with weaponized tails, but they weren’t
closely related to each other. <o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Image credit: Victoria Arbour/Royal BC Museum<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><img border="0" width="551" height="413" id="Picture_x0020_2" src="cid:image017.jpg@01D4D419.B2B9A9D0"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Victoria Arbour, lead author on the new study, lies next to the massive tail club of the ankylosaur
<i>Zuul crurivastator</i>. Ankylosaurs like <i>Zuul</i> had tail clubs with stiff, modified vertebrae and huge bony plates at the tip of the tail.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Image credit: David Evans/Royal Ontario Museum<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><img border="0" width="551" height="367" id="Picture_x0020_1" src="cid:image018.jpg@01D4D419.B2B9A9D0"></span><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif""><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Modern armadillos (like the nine-banded armadillo shown here) have flexible tails covered in bony rings,
but some of their extinct relatives, the glyptodonts, had stiff tail clubs that might have been used as weapons.
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-right:9.3pt;text-autospace:none"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif"">Image credit: Victoria Arbour<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-GB" style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"><o:p> </o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;mso-margin-bottom-alt:auto"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">______________________________________________________________________________________________</span></b><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="mso-margin-top-alt:auto;margin-bottom:12.0pt"><b><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Erik Lambertson
</span></b><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"> </span><span style="font-size:10.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Corporate Communications Manager | Archives and Museum Operations</span><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">
<br>
<br>
<o:p></o:p></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">R</span><span style="font-size:9.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">OYAL</span><span style="font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">
</span><span style="font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";color:#5C8727;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">BC</span><span style="font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"> M</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">USEUM</span><span style="color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">Traditional Territory of the Lekwungen (Songhees and Xwsepsum Nations)<br>
675 Belleville Street, Victoria, BC Canada V8W 9W2 </span><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"> </span><span style="font-size:7.5pt;color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><br>
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">T 250 387-5051 | F 250 387-0102</span><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><br>
<a href="mailto:ELambertson@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:blue">ELambertson@royalbcmuseum.bc.ca</span></a></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"> | </span><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><a href="http://www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca"><span style="font-size:8.0pt;color:blue">www.royalbcmuseum.bc.ca</span><span style="color:blue">
</span></a></span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"> </span><span style="font-size:7.5pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:blue;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><br>
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"><br>
Join us on:<a href="https://www.facebook.com/RoyalBCMuseum"><span style="color:blue">Facebook</span></a> | <a href="https://twitter.com/#!/RoyalBCMuseum"><span style="color:blue">Twitter</span></a> |
<a href="http://www.flickr.com/photos/36463010@N05/"><span style="color:blue">Flickr</span></a> |
</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Univers LT Pro 55","sans-serif";color:black"><a href="https://www.instagram.com/royalbcmuseum/"><span style="color:blue">Instagram</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black"> <br>
</span><span style="color:#212121;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"><br>
</span><b><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#212121;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">On now</span></b><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#212121;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">:
family favourite <b><i>Wildlife Photographer of the Year </i></b>is featured at the Royal BC Museum for a limited engagement</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA"> until</span><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";color:black;background:white">
</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">March 24, 2019</span><span style="font-size:8.0pt;font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:#212121;background:white;mso-fareast-language:EN-CA">.
Purchase tickets <a href="https://royalbcmuseum.bc.ca/visit/exhibitions/wpy2019">
<span style="color:blue">now</span></a>. </span><span lang="EN-GB"><o:p></o:p></span></p>
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