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format=flowed
[Cross-posted please excuse duplication]
Lesley Ellen Harris has asked me to share her article on finding =20
answers to copyright questions. It is set out below. Hope it's =20
helpful!
Sincerely,
Amritha
amritha@copyrightlaws.com
Researching Copyright Answers
We never stop investigating. We are never satisfied that we know =20
enough to get by. Every question we answer leads on to another =20
question. This has become the greatest survival trick of our species.
Desmond Morris, British anthropologist, The Naked Ape, ch. 5 (1967)
Most of us have more copyright questions than answers. And similar =20
to British anthropologist Desmond Morris, each question often leads =20
to yet another question. Even answers about copyright law seem to =20
lead to other questions about copyright. So how do you go about the =20
duties of your daily tasks when a question inevitably arises about =20
the interpretation of a license agreement, what percent of a work may =20=
be used without permission, and, who owns a report prepared by a =20
consultant (whether you hired that consultant, or you are that =20
consultant!)?
Part of copyright management is dealing with the multitude of =20
questions without constant delays in work and large attorney bills. =20
It means having a mechanism in place for dealing with repetitive =20
copyright situations. Even those in enterprises with in-house =20
attorneys may not obtain speedy responses and may require such =20
mechanisms. Individuals and those who works in enterprises without =20
in-house counsel often become adept at dealing with daily copyright =20
questions. This article sets out various suggestions of =20
incorporating a mechanism for dealing with repetitive copyright =20
situations.
Be Proactive
Having a written copyright policy is a great way mechanism for =20
keeping track of copyright issues. Even if you are a very small =20
enterprise, having a document that sets out a consistent approach to =20
copyright (or a summary of how you dealt with past copyright =20
situations) will get you into the "proactive" category. Keeping your =20=
policy updated to reflect any amendments in the copyright law, new =20
court decisions, and the application of copyright law to new =20
technology is also important. Keeping summaries of how you have =20
dealt with digital rights uses, permissions issues, and other ongoing =20=
copyright situations, will provide some consistency in your =20
workplace, and also some confidence in dealing with re-occurring =20
situations.
One of the most useful parts of your written policy could be a =20
section with questions and answers to basic and re-occurring =20
questions on copyright law. For instance, are you covered by any =20
exceptions to copyright law? (Libraries and educational institutions =20=
often are subject to certain exceptions.) Do you have a license with =20=
a copyright collective (such as the Copyright Clearance Center or =20
Access Copyright) which allows for multiple copying of a periodical =20
article in specified circumstances? How do you obtain the right to =20
use an image you find on a Web site? By listing questions as they =20
arise, and providing practical solutions, you will develop a =20
consistent approach to handling copyright issues in your enterprise.
Vetted Bibliography
Another helpful thing to do is to have a vetted bibliography on =20
copyright law which you refer your colleagues to for general reading =20
and for on-going education on copyright. Keep the list short and =20
only provide a list of those sources you have personally vetted and =20
find easy to navigate (if online), and/or read and comprehend. This =20
way, you or your colleagues are not on a "wild goose chase" finding =20
copyright information, but rather have some reliable resources at =20
their fingertip.
A favorite Web site on copyright issues in general, which has some =20
interactive portions is www.benedict.com. An information-packed site =20=
on digital licensing is at: www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/=20
index.shtml. You may also join the discussion list serv at =20
Liblicense, which is an excellent source for keeping up to date on =20
licensing issues, and also a forum in which you may ask your =20
licensing questions and share information with colleagues around the =20
world. Understanding the complexities of fair use is never an easy =20
task, and one very good resource for this purpose is the Copyright & =20
Fair Use site at: fairuse.stanford.edu/.
This list is just a beginning. Take a look at these Web sites and =20
search for your own sites, see what works for your enterprise, your =20
colleagues and the types of copyright issues that arise in your daily =20=
work. Also, research print books that are relatively current and =20
deal with copyright issues specific to your workplace. There are =20
many copyright-related books so visit a library, do an online search, =20=
and get recommendations from others about their favorite resources.
Do you belong to a professional association in your field? Many =20
professional associations, including those for creators of all sorts, =20=
publishers, museums, archives, educational institutions and =20
libraries, have extensive copyright resources, specific to your =20
needs. If your association does not offer such resources, recommend =20
that they develop a Web page devoted to copyright issues relevant to =20
its members.
Other up-to-date resources may be materials from conferences, =20
seminars and the ever-growing online seminars on copyright and =20
licensing. You may even hire a copyright lawyer to visit your =20
enterprise and give an in-house seminar customized to your needs. =20
Another idea is to hire a non-lawyer such as a licensing specialist, =20
to have an informal talk with employees in your enterprise =96 a non-=20
lawyer can often provide practical advice and may be less =20
intimidating to those in your enterprise.
International Copyright
In accumulating your resources, keep in mind that copyright laws vary =20=
from country to country and there is no international copyright law. =20=
For specific copyright issues, ensure that you are using resources =20
from your own country. However, for understanding the bigger =20
picture, history and philosophy of copyright law, visiting the World =20
Intellectual Property Organisation ("WIPO", www.wipo.org) and =20
reviewing copyright resources from other countries, can provide you =20
with some interesting information. Also, your national copyright =20
office likely has some valuable copyright publications to help =20
educate you on copyright issues specific to your own country.
On-Going Education
The general press reports many copyright issues, especially ones =20
relating to peer-to-peer sharing, Google activities, and other high =20
profile cases. Try putting aside a couple hours once a month to =20
search the Internet for new articles on copyright. In addition, join =20=
some news services that email you copyright news headlines.
Attend sessions at conferences that deal with copyright, or specific =20
copyright seminars offered by various associations and companies. =20
The University of Texas crash course in copyright (which is free) is =20
highly recommended. See: www.utsystem.edu/ogc/Intellectualproperty/=20
cprtindx.htm. Various online courses on copyright, licensing and =20
managing content are offered by Copyrightlaws.com.
Changes in Copyright Law
Copyright statutes in all countries are amended from time-to-time and =20=
court cases change how we interpret those statutes, and apply the =20
statutes to new and often digital media. Keeping abreast of new =20
developments is key to finding appropriate answers to your copyright =20
questions. With copyright a higher profile issue now, often reading =20
general newspapers will lead you to copyright news. However, you can =20=
also regularly search various news sites for copyright updates, and =20
register to receive updates and alerts on copyright news.
Carving a Niche
How do you, amongst your other busy work duties, have time to do all =20
of the above? Make a case to your senior management for a full or =20
part-time position as a Copyright Officer (or whatever name it is =20
called). Copyright issues, and the application of copyright law, =20
management of copyright issues and digital content, negotiating and =20
interpreting license agreements, has grown tremendously in the past =20
decade or more. Copyright is a serious and complex issue that =20
requires attention and time. A Copyright Officer who can "manage" =20
copyright issues in your enterprise (note: not provide legal =20
advice), may be able to save you money at your lawyer's office by =20
your enterprise already having practical information on re-occurring =20
copyright questions, and as a way of avoiding copyright infringements.
Conclusions
Copyright law is not straight-forward and there are many gray areas, =20
including the interpretation of fair use/dealing. It is impossible =20
to have answers to all of your copyright questions but guidance in =20
finding answers and appropriate reference materials can lead you to =20
practical advice. Keep a record of questions and answers that arise =20
in your enterprise and if possible, at least occasionally consult a =20
lawyer to review the questions (which you then incorporate into your =20
written Copyright Policy.)
As a bottom line and best way to learn more about copyright law: =20
keep asking questions!
To be published in The Copyright & New Media Law Newsletter, 2007, =20
Issue 2. (http://copyrightlaws.com)=
--Apple-Mail-6--202509290
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charset=WINDOWS-1252
<HTML><BODY style=3D"word-wrap: break-word; -khtml-nbsp-mode: space; =
-khtml-line-break: after-white-space; "><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">[Cross-posted =
please excuse duplication]</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Lesley Ellen =
Harris has asked me to share her article on finding answers to copyright =
questions.=A0 It is set out below.=A0 Hope it's helpful!</DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal 12px/normal Helvetica; =
min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
">Sincerely,</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; font: normal normal normal =
12px/normal Helvetica; min-height: 14px; "><BR></DIV><DIV =
style=3D"margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Amritha</DIV><DIV style=3D"margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><A =
href=3D"mailto:amritha@copyrightlaws.com">amritha@copyrightlaws.com</A></D=
IV><P style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px">=A0</P><P style=3D"margin:=
0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: =
center;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; "><B>Researching Copyright Answers</B></DIV><P =
style=3D"text-align: auto;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"margin-top: =
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><I>We =
never stop investigating.=A0 We are never satisfied that we know enough =
to get by.=A0 Every question we answer leads on to another question.=A0 =
This has become the greatest survival trick of our species.</I></DIV><P =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"margin-top:=
0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Desmond =
Morris, British anthropologist, The Naked Ape, ch. 5 (1967)</DIV><P =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align:=
justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Most of us have more copyright questions than =
answers.=A0 And similar to British anthropologist Desmond Morris, each =
question often leads to yet another question.=A0 Even answers about =
copyright law seem to lead to other questions about copyright.=A0 So how =
do you go about the duties of your daily tasks when a question =
inevitably arises about the interpretation of a license agreement, what =
percent of a work may be used without permission, and, who owns a report =
prepared by a consultant (whether you hired that consultant, or you are =
that consultant!)?=A0</DIV><P align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px =
0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: =
justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Part of copyright management is dealing with the =
multitude of questions without constant delays in work and large =
attorney bills.=A0 It means having a mechanism in place for dealing with =
repetitive copyright situations.=A0 Even those in enterprises with =
in-house attorneys may not obtain speedy responses and may require such =
mechanisms.=A0 Individuals and those who works in enterprises without =
in-house counsel often become adept at dealing with daily copyright =
questions.=A0 This article sets out various suggestions of incorporating =
a mechanism for dealing with repetitive copyright situations.</DIV><P =
align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: =
justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><B>Be =
Proactive</B></DIV><P align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px =
0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: =
justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Having a written copyright policy is a great way =
mechanism for keeping track of copyright issues.=A0 Even if you are a =
very small enterprise, having a document that sets out a consistent =
approach to copyright (or a summary of how you dealt with past copyright =
situations) will get you into the "proactive" category.=A0 Keeping your =
policy updated to reflect any amendments in the copyright law, new court =
decisions, and the application of copyright law to new technology is =
also important.=A0 Keeping summaries of how you have dealt with digital =
rights uses, permissions issues, and other ongoing copyright situations, =
will provide some consistency in your workplace, and also some =
confidence in dealing with re-occurring situations.=A0</DIV><P =
align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: =
justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">One of the =
most useful parts of your written policy could be a section with =
questions and answers to basic and re-occurring questions on copyright =
law.=A0 For instance, are you covered by any exceptions to copyright =
law?=A0 (Libraries and educational institutions often are subject to =
certain exceptions.)=A0 Do you have a license with a copyright =
collective (such as the Copyright Clearance Center or Access Copyright) =
which allows for multiple copying of a periodical article in specified =
circumstances?=A0 How do you obtain the right to use an image you find =
on a Web site?=A0 By listing questions as they arise, and providing =
practical solutions, you will develop a consistent approach to handling =
copyright issues in your enterprise.</DIV><P align=3D"justify" =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV=
style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><B>Vetted =
Bibliography</B></DIV><P align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px =
0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: =
justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Another helpful thing to do is to have a vetted =
bibliography on copyright law which you refer your colleagues to for =
general reading and for on-going education on copyright.=A0 Keep the =
list short and only provide a list of those sources you have personally =
vetted and find easy to navigate (if online), and/or read and =
comprehend.=A0 This way, you or your colleagues are not on a "wild goose =
chase" finding copyright information, but rather have some reliable =
resources at their fingertip.=A0</DIV><P align=3D"justify" =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV=
style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">A favorite Web site on copyright =
issues in general, which has some interactive portions is <A =
href=3D"http://www.benedict.com/"><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
color=3D"#0000E9">www.benedict.com</FONT></A>.=A0 An information-packed =
site on digital licensing is at:=A0 <A =
href=3D"http://www.library.yale.edu/%7Ellicense/index.shtml"><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
color=3D"#0000E9">www.library.yale.edu/~llicense/index.shtml</FONT></A>.=A0=
You may also join the discussion list serv at Liblicense, which is an =
excellent source for keeping up to date on licensing issues, and also a =
forum in which you may ask your licensing questions and share =
information with colleagues around the world.=A0 Understanding the =
complexities of fair use is never an easy task, and one very good =
resource for this purpose is the Copyright & Fair Use site at:=A0 <A =
href=3D"http://fairuse.stanford.edu/"><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
color=3D"#0000E9">fairuse.stanford.edu/</FONT></A>.=A0</DIV><P =
align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: =
justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">This list is =
just a beginning.=A0 Take a look at these Web sites and search for your =
own sites, see what works for your enterprise, your colleagues and the =
types of copyright issues that arise in your daily work.=A0 Also, =
research print books that are relatively current and deal with copyright =
issues specific to your workplace.=A0 There are many copyright-related =
books so visit a library, do an online search, and get recommendations =
from others about their favorite resources.</DIV><P align=3D"justify" =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV=
style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Do you belong to a professional =
association in your field?=A0 Many professional associations, including =
those for creators of all sorts, publishers, museums, archives, =
educational institutions and libraries, have extensive copyright =
resources, specific to your needs.=A0 If your association does not offer =
such resources, recommend that they develop a Web page devoted to =
copyright issues relevant to its members.</DIV><P align=3D"justify" =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV=
style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Other up-to-date resources may =
be materials from conferences, seminars and the ever-growing online =
seminars on copyright and licensing.=A0 You may even hire a copyright =
lawyer to visit your enterprise and give an in-house seminar customized =
to your needs.=A0 Another idea is to hire a non-lawyer such as a =
licensing specialist, to have an informal talk with employees in your =
enterprise =96 a non-lawyer can often provide practical advice and may =
be less intimidating to those in your enterprise.=A0</DIV><P =
align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: =
justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; =
"><B>International Copyright</B></DIV><P align=3D"justify" =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV=
style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">In accumulating your resources, =
keep in mind that copyright laws vary from country to country and there =
is no international copyright law.=A0 For specific copyright issues, =
ensure that you are using resources from your own country.=A0 However, =
for understanding the bigger picture, history and philosophy of =
copyright law, visiting the World Intellectual Property Organisation =
("WIPO", <A href=3D"http://www.wipo.org/"><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span"=
color=3D"#0000E9">www.wipo.org</FONT></A>) and reviewing copyright =
resources from other countries, can provide you with some interesting =
information.=A0 Also, your national copyright office likely has some =
valuable copyright publications to help educate you on copyright issues =
specific to your own country.</DIV><P align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: =
0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV =
style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><B>On-Going =
Education</B></DIV><P align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px =
0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: =
justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">The general press reports many copyright issues, =
especially ones relating to peer-to-peer sharing, <I>Google</I> =
activities, and other high profile cases.=A0 Try putting aside a couple =
hours once a month to search the Internet for new articles on =
copyright.=A0 In addition, join some news services that email you =
copyright news headlines.</DIV><P align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: =
0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV =
style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Attend sessions at conferences =
that deal with copyright, or specific copyright seminars offered by =
various associations and companies.=A0 The University of Texas crash =
course in copyright (which is free) is highly recommended.=A0 See:=A0 <A =
href=3D"http://www.utsystem.edu/ogc/Intellectualproperty/cprtindx.htm"><FO=
NT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
color=3D"#0000E9">www.utsystem.edu/ogc/Intellectualproperty/cprtindx.htm</=
FONT></A>.=A0 Various online courses on copyright, licensing and =
managing content are offered by <A =
href=3D"http://copyrightlaws.com/"><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
color=3D"#0000E9">Copyrightlaws.com</FONT></A>.</DIV><P align=3D"justify" =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV=
style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><B>Changes in Copyright =
Law</B></DIV><P align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px =
0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: =
justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">Copyright statutes in all countries are amended from =
time-to-time and court cases change how we interpret those statutes, and =
apply the statutes to new and often digital media.=A0 Keeping abreast of =
new developments is key to finding appropriate answers to your copyright =
questions.=A0 With copyright a higher profile issue now, often reading =
general newspapers will lead you to copyright news.=A0 However, you can =
also regularly search various news sites for copyright updates, and =
register to receive updates and alerts on copyright news.=A0</DIV><P =
align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: =
justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><B>Carving a =
Niche</B></DIV><P align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px =
0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: =
justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">How do you, amongst your other busy work duties, =
have time to do all of the above?=A0 Make a case to your senior =
management for a full or part-time position as a Copyright Officer (or =
whatever name it is called).=A0 Copyright issues, and the application of =
copyright law, management of copyright issues and digital content, =
negotiating and interpreting license agreements, has grown tremendously =
in the past decade or more.=A0 Copyright is a serious and complex issue =
that requires attention and time.=A0 A Copyright Officer who can =
"manage" copyright issues in your enterprise (note:=A0 not provide legal =
advice), may be able to save you money at your lawyer's office by your =
enterprise already having practical information on re-occurring =
copyright questions, and as a way of avoiding =A0copyright =
infringements.</DIV><P align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px =
0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: =
justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; "><B>Conclusions</B></DIV><P align=3D"justify" =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV=
style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; =
margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; ">Copyright law is not =
straight-forward and there are many gray areas, including the =
interpretation of fair use/dealing.=A0 It is impossible to have answers =
to all of your copyright questions but guidance in finding answers and =
appropriate reference materials can lead you to practical advice.=A0 =
Keep a record of questions and answers that arise in your enterprise and =
if possible, at least occasionally consult a lawyer to review the =
questions (which you then incorporate into your written Copyright =
Policy.)</DIV><P align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px =
0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: =
justify;margin-top: 0px; margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; =
margin-left: 0px; ">As a bottom line and best way to learn more about =
copyright law:=A0 keep asking questions!</DIV><P align=3D"justify" =
style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: justify">=A0</P><P =
align=3D"justify" style=3D"margin: 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px 0.0px; text-align: =
justify">=A0</P><DIV style=3D"text-align: justify;margin-top: 0px; =
margin-right: 0px; margin-bottom: 0px; margin-left: 0px; "><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"2"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 10px;">To be published in The Copyright & New =
Media Law Newsletter, 2007, Issue 2.=A0 (</SPAN></FONT><A =
href=3D"http://copyrightlaws.com/"><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
size=3D"2"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" style=3D"font-size: =
10px;"><FONT class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
color=3D"#0000E9">http://copyrightlaws.com</FONT></SPAN></FONT></A><FONT =
class=3D"Apple-style-span" size=3D"2"><SPAN class=3D"Apple-style-span" =
style=3D"font-size: 10px;">)</SPAN></FONT></DIV></BODY></HTML>=
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